Impact Of Globalization On Fashion And Pharmaceutical Industries Economics Essay

Impact Of Globalization On Fashion And Pharmaceutical Industries Economics Essay Globalization is a broad concept and it has been defined in many ways by different authors. According to Freedman(1999 ,p 156) and Woods(2000,p78), globalization means various quantitative and qualitative developments ranging from a dramatic increase in international transactions, especially in finance, to the international and spatial reorganization of production, the global harmonization of tastes and standards, liberalization, deregulation, privatization, the arrival of new information technologies, the global diffusion of information, values, and ideas, massive population transfers, trends towards a universal world culture, the spread of a worldwide preference for democracy, and the erosion of the nation state. Globalization has different dimensions like economic, cultural, political and environmental. It has different impacts on different industries with varying intensities based on these different dimensions. In this essay, the impact of globalization on fashion and pharmaceuti cal industries are examined and compared. This is to examine the differing intensities with which globalization affects these two industries. In the next two sections, the different impacts of globalization on fashion and pharmaceutical industries are discussed separately. In the last section, the impact of globalization on both these industries is compared and conclusions are made. 2. Impact of Globalization on Fashion Industry The most important elements of fashion industry are textile, clothing or apparel and footwear industries. It also includes food, housing, music, automobiles, perfumery and beauty products. According to Davis (1992), one main distinguishing feature of fashion industry is its ability to differentiate between different social classes or otherwise called social differentiation. For example, the most fashionable items are always very expensive and can be purchased by the upper class while the middle class goes for cheaper items. This made it necessary to produce the fashionable items in cheaper price in the fashion industry to achieve the selling target (Graham et al, 2006). Globalization affects fashion industry through the production, distribution and marketing channels. One main impact of globalization is to keep the people informed and updated on each and every new trend in the fashion industry through old and new media like radio, television, newspapers, internet, mobile phones etc. Consequently, now there is a tendency for imitating Western fashion all over the world replacing the traditional clothing in each nation. For example to highlight secularism, a ban has been imposed on women wearing headscarfs in France by considering wearing headscarf as a traditional religious symbol. The government considered wearing headscarf adversely affecting the immigrants to assimilate into the Western culture, which is called cultural assimilation (Huntington, 1997). This cultural assimilation is an important impact of globalization in fashion industry. The updating of new trends in the fashion industry was based on the economies of scale approach. This is intended to obtain new trends in fashion to all markets at appropriate times and at the correct prices for reducing the total production costs. The need for reducing production costs has resulted in the tendency among the developed nations to outsource production to developing nations like China where the production will be cheaper. This has adversely affected the local business in developed nations and violates the economies of scale principle. The local industries got affected badly because of this outsourcing of production and many of them were not able to continue operating consequently. Eg: producing a brand, t-shirt in Western China where no minimum wage regulations are there instead of producing it in Australia for reducing the production cost. In this case, achieving high profit margin in Australia is very difficult compared to that in China (Purdy, 2000). Globalization has changed this phenomenon however by reducing the transportation and communication costs and thereby increasing the accessibility of people to new fashions all over the world. This has also increased the speed of production in fashion compared to the olden days. The modern communication tools like internet forums have enabled the development and spreading of new technological innovations, which has increased the effectiveness of production in all nations. Globalization has thus resulted in more exchange of ideas and information regarding the availability of textile fabrics and production, which has also resulted in a rise in the demand for products. The consequence of all these was the brand names monopolizing the fashion industry and the spread of individualistic attitude instead of post materialistic especially among the middle classes. Base on these global conditions, the trends in fashion industry were to tempt the individuals for self-improvement instead of accepting them as they are. The most visible example of this can be seen from the growing trend of becoming thin models as the ideals of female beauty. This has proved to be anatomically more correct and has several psychological and physiological impacts. However, the negative side is that this has created by the pressure among female models for becoming thin models (Collins, 1997). The merits of globalization in fashion industry can be considered as the shift in the trends among the middle class from buying outsourced products under the influence of post materialistic ideologies to buy more locally produced ones. However, the problem is that the population of middle class is seen to be decreasing compared to the other groups. In addition to these, another impact of globalization was the shift in the production from developing to developed nations to go with the principle of economies of scale mostly under the influence of new and old media all over the world. However, this cannot be considered as a favourable trend especially under the scenario of the present economic crisis (Graham et al, 2006). According to Abarnathy et al (2003), the globalization of textile and clothing industry is not a new one and its history can be traced back to even the twelfth century. According to this study, in the earlier days the globalization was concerned with movement of labour and capital across nations based on comparative factor costs and productivities for labour, capital and other inputs between nations and their impact on product costs, changes in international exchange rates, quotas and tariffs. In the present scenario, the movement of labour and capital is based on some other aspects of distribution in addition to these like lean retailing, product proliferation, onshore and offshore outsourcing. The Multi Fibre Arrangement that has been existing in the textile industry for many years ended in 2005 with the decision of all WTO members to eliminate all quotas on textiles. China after accessing WTO in 2002 became a quota free nation in the WTO in the same year. The overall picture in the fashion industry thus shows that globalization has resulted in falling transportation and communication costs .This has significantly affected the growth of the markets in the industry .The concept of lean retailing has developed combining reduced transportation and communication costs as well as new technical innovations. The main problem however with the lean retailing is that it has enhanced the pricing pressures (Abarnathy et al, 2003). As a part of globalization process, the quotas on textiles also were removed with effect from 2005. 3. Impact of Globalization on Pharmaceutical Industry In the case of pharmaceutical industry, globalization has its effect through the combination of technological and economic dimensions (SickBlog, 2009). The focus of this industry is to research, develop and distribute drugs. Globalization process affects the industry through three major segments namely production, research and development and marketing. In the present era of globalization, it is reported in many studies that big companies in the industry, which were once in their better times, are now in difficult stages mainly due to inefficient Research and Development (RD)(Dufala,2007;Pouw,2008 etc). The established companies are reported to have failed in producing new items into the market mainly due to the rising RD costs. For example, Pfizer, which was the fourth largest multinational pharmaceutical corporation in the world, is now facing very bad time with a 10-year market exclusivity granted to new drugs. Globalization has resulted in enhanced availability of information, which has changed the role of doctors (Dufala, 2007). For example, in the case of patients who have information from internet, the decisions made by doctors are found to be questionable. Thus, the enhanced availability of information has affected the value chain in pharmaceuticals. It has also made the regulatory agencies to be more cautious. Thus, globalization process has affected the marketing by shifting towards patients. As a consequence of globalization, the generic markets are reported to be growing by taking advantage of the market exclusivity of original drugs and producing in low cost places for eg: Ranbaxi and Teva. In addition to these two developments, may small biotechnology companies face problems due to the difficulty in financing the projects in these companies (Dufala, 2007). All the developments as a part of globalization process have resulted in enhancing competition in the industry while it has not increased pressures for restructuring unlike other industries. Contract Research Organizations (CROs) have prominent role because of globalization process (Shuchman, 2007). The globalization has resulted in increased mergers and acquisitions of the CROs. Examples of CRO s are Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD), Quintiles, Parexel, Kendle and Covance. The CROs are technologically very innovative and makes se of new business concepts. Thus, it can be seen that CROs were the main actors who were able to utilize the benefits of globalization .At the same time big pharmaceutical companies were not able to do so. It is argued that globalization has improved the conditions of developing nations by improving access to medication by joining organizations like World Trade Organization (WTO). This has been enabled through compulsory licensing or by importing cheaper versions of drugs before the expiry of patents (Slick Blog, 2009). On the other hand, it is argued that the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which increases the scope, duration and coverage of the industrial patents of the WTO members, has marginalized the traditional knowledge of local people. Moreover, it has been argued that the growth and development of the domestic pharmaceutical companies are adversely affected by TRIPS (Pouw, 2008). However, exceptional cases are the Indian pharmaceutical companies like Ranbaxi and When Cipla, which have obtained significant growth and expanded their operations. It is also argued that globalization has adversely affected the developing nations through some other ways. In spite of the TRIPS having clause that exempts nations suffering from diseases like AIDS from patent observation, nations like America opposed this through international law suits .Thus many developing nations like South Africa were left in a difficult situation (Slick Blog, 2009). Hence, it is argued that TRIPS has supported in establishing the dominance of some big pharmaceutical companies and rising their presence worldwide (Pouw, 2008). The pharmaceutical industry has fond out the solution for this by outsourcing the production and research and development process as a part of the globalization process. These were intended to make them more cost effective in response to their rising costs. However studies have shown that these costs have been overestimated(Sampath,2005) .For example, the average cost of developing a pharmaceutical drug includes the costs of borrowing mone y to finance the RD process and the marketing costs of the product in addition to the costs of RD. This has overestimated the total RD costs. In addition to these, as a part of the globalization process, the big pharmaceutical companies are forced to perform many human trials with their new drugs before releasing them to the market. However, the main problem with this is that most consumers are reported not to be willing to participate in this process. For example, the consumers were not willing to participate in the phase three trial of Macugen, the eye disease drug by Pfizer (Shah, 2006). It is argued that the reforms as a part of the globalization process has resulted in a national ruin by the developing nations through opening of markets and through the loans provided by IMF and World Bank attached with stringent conditions (Harvey, 2005). Globalization has also affected the marketing process in pharmaceutical industry through preventing the direct to consumer marketing in most countries and promoting advertisement through global media. This type of advertisement through global media is reported to have created distorted images of health and diseases (Petryna and Kleinman, 2006).For example, the diseases like AIDS , are picturized as incurable by these advertisements which has resulted in the marginalization of many developing nations. Moreover, most of the advertisements have been related to allergic diseases rather than the real health crises. This has resulted in creating distorted images of many diseases and medicines. Overall, it is reported that the globalization process has increased the profits in pharmaceutical industry through reducing RD and production costs. This has necessitated the need for sustainable capital, which has resulted in the mergers of big pharmaceutical companies. Thus, the big pharmaceutical companies have started monopolizing the industry leaving the developing nations to be exploited for cheap labour and drug testing (Pouw, 2008,). The outsourcing process, which is supposed to offset the rising costs in the industry, is reported to have negative implications as discussed here. The public private partnerships, where the governments and big companies work together for resolving health crises, however are expected to bring many advantages for the developing nations (Bull and McNeill, 2007). 4. Conclusion In this essay, the impact of globalization on two industries the fashion industry and pharmaceutical industry are discussed. In the case of fashion industry, the globalization impacts are through the combination of cultural, technological and economic dimensions. In the case of pharmaceutical industries, the impact is through a combination of cultural and economic dimensions. In the case of both the industries, globalization has resulted in decreasing the transportation and communication costs. Moreover, it enhances the availability of information through the world media. In the case of fashion industry, these have resulted in a shift from using the outsourced products by the middle class to more locally produced items based on the economies of scale principle. This has resulted in shifting labour from developing to developed nations .Though this is intended to make the production in a more cost effective manner, it is not obtained to be favourable in the present economic condition. The impact of globalization has affected the production, distribution and marketing sides of this industry. The increased availability of information had its impact through the cultural dimension of globalization in the case of fashion industry. The positive impacts of globalization in this industry include aspects like enhancing the speed of production, reducing time lag between production and delivery and creating an individualistic approach necessitating the need for self-improvement. At the same time, negative impacts include the shifting of labour from developed to developing nations. In the case of pharmaceutical industry, the focus is on the research and development of drugs in addition to its production. Hence, globalization affects this industry through three channels production, research and development as well as marketing unlike the fashion industry. The reduction in transportation and communication costs had its economic and technological impacts. Though this has helped in reducing the production and RD costs, this had created dominance for the big pharmaceutical corporations. The enhanced availability of information made the public more aware of the adverse effects of drugs and hence made the decisions of doctors in some cases questionable .This can be considered as a positive aspect of globalization in the industry. At the same time, the enhanced communication through worldwide media has created distorted images in the minds of public regarding many diseases and the concept of health itself. Thigh the globalization process has increased the profitability of the industry; this has resulted in the monopoly of multinational giants in the industry. This has adversely affected the domestic pharmaceutical companies with only a very few exceptions. In the case of pharmaceutical industry, globalization process ahs resulted in creating prominent role for third party players like the CROs unlike the fashion industry. Many big companies who were earlier profitable got adversely affected due to the rising production and RD costs. Outsourcing which was fond as a solution to this had many negative cultural and economic effects. However, compared to the fashion industry the effects of outsourcing were not so intense in the pharmaceutical industry, which can be understood from the discussion. In the case of fashion industry, Quotas and tariffs were eliminated on textiles as a part of the decision of WTO members. In the case of pharmaceutical industries, TRIPS agreement was aimed to assist the developing nations by increasing the access to medication for developing nations. At the same time, TRIPS was obtained to leave the developing nations in difficult situation by marginalizing them in many cases. In the case of fashion industry, the globalization process has resulted in increasing competition and restructuring of the industry with a shift of labour from developing to developed nations. However, in the case of pharmaceutical industry, though globalization ahs resulted in enhanced competition, it has not resulted in the restructuring of the entire industry. Rather, it has created the emergence of the third party players, the CROs that made use of new business concepts and technological innovations. The above discussion thus shows that globalization process has affected both the fashion and pharmaceutical industries but through different intensities. The dimensions of globalization through which it affects both the industries are also little bit different. In the case of similar dimensions of globalization also, the intensities of impacts are different for both the industries depending on the nature and structure of both the industries. Globalization affects both the industries through different channels in spite of the similarities. Hence, it can be concluded that industry specific factors play important role in determining the intensity of the impact of globalization on each industry. The discussion above thus shows that industry specific studies are more relevant in examining the impact of globalization. Though globalization has both positive and negative impacts on industry performance, a generalized picture cannot be obtained in this regard. Macro studies may conceal many f actors regarding the impact of globalization as is clear from the discussion above.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 37

The next morning found them al back at the boardinghouse. After the previous night's rain, the sunshine had a fresh quality to it, and everything felt bright and damp and clean, despite the smel of smoke that permeated the boardinghouse and the charred remains of the garage that could be glimpsed through the windows of the den. Elena sat on the couch, leaning against Stefan. He traced the burn lines, nearly entirely faded, on the back of her hand. â€Å"How do they feel, heroine?† he asked. â€Å"They hardly hurt at al , thanks to Damon.† Damon, on the other side of Stefan, gave her a brief, blinding smile but said nothing. They were al being careful of one another, Elena thought. She felt – and she thought everyone else probably did, too like the day looked: shining and freshly washed, but slightly fragile. There was a lot of quiet murmuring back and forth, exchanged smiles, comfortable pauses. It was like they had completed a long journey or a difficult task together, and now it was time to rest. Celia, dressed in pale linen trousers and a silk dove-gray top, elegant and poised as always, cleared her throat. â€Å"I'm leaving today,† she said when they al looked up at her. Her bags sat neatly on the floor beside her feet. â€Å"There's a train to Boston in forty-five minutes, if someone wil drive me to the station.† â€Å"Of course I'l take you,† Alaric said promptly, getting to his feet. Elena glanced at Meredith, but Meredith was frowning at Celia in concern. â€Å"You don't have to go, you know,† she told her. â€Å"We'd al like it if you stayed.† Celia shrugged expressively and gave a little sigh. â€Å"Thank you, but it is time I get going. Despite the fact that we destroyed a priceless rare book and I wil probably never be al owed on the Dalcrest campus again, I wouldn't have missed this whole experience for the world.† Meredith grinned at her and raised one eyebrow. â€Å"Even the brushes with death?† Celia raised an eyebrow of her own. â€Å"Was there a part that wasn't a brush with death?† They laughed, and Elena was grateful to see that the tension between them had evaporated. â€Å"We'l be glad to have you anytime you want to come back, dear,† Mrs. Flowers said to Celia earnestly. â€Å"I wil always have a room for you.† â€Å"Thank you,† Celia said, looking touched. â€Å"I hope I can come back and see you al again someday.† She and Alaric left the room, and soon the rest of them heard the sounds of the outside door shutting and a car starting up. â€Å"Good-bye, Celia,† Bonnie chirped. â€Å"She turned out to be okay in the end, though, didn't she?† She went on without waiting for an answer. â€Å"What are we going to do today? We need to have an adventure before summer ends.† â€Å"You haven't had enough adventure yet?† Matt asked her disbelievingly from where he was sprawled on a rocking chair in the corner. â€Å"I mean a fun, summery kind of adventure,† she said. â€Å"Not al doom and gloom and battles to the death, but fun-in-thesun stuff. Do you realize we've got only about three weeks before it's time to start school again? If we don't want our only real memories of this summer in Fel ‘s Church to be one disastrous picnic and a horrific battle with a phantom, we'd better get started. I vote we go out to the county fair today. Come on!† she urged them, bouncing in her seat. â€Å"Rol er coasters! Fun houses! Fried dough! Cotton candy! Damon can win me a big stuffed animal and take me through the Tunnel of Love! It'l be an adventure!† She fluttered her eyelashes at Damon flirtatiously, but he didn't take her up on her teasing. In fact, he was gazing down into his lap with a strained expression. â€Å"You've done very wel , children,† said Mrs. Flowers approvingly. â€Å"You certainly deserve some time to relax.† No one answered. Damon's tense silence was fil ing the room, drawing everyone's eyes to him. Final y, Stefan cleared his throat. â€Å"Damon?† he asked cautiously. Damon clenched his jaw and raised his eyes to meet theirs. Elena frowned. Was that guilt on Damon's face? Damon didn't do guilt – remorse wasn't one of his many qualities. â€Å"Listen,† he said abruptly. â€Å"I realized†¦ while I was making my way back from the Dark Dimension†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped again. Elena exchanged an anxious glance with Stefan. Again, stammering and having trouble finding the words to say what he wanted to say were not typical of Damon. Damon shook his head and col ected himself. â€Å"While I was remembering who I was, while I was barely alive again, and then while I was getting ready to come back to Fel ‘s Church, and everything was so painful and difficult,† he said, â€Å"al I could think of was how we – how Elena – had moved heaven and earth to find Stefan. She wouldn't give up her hunt, no matter what obstacles she faced. I'd helped her – I'd risked everything to do so – and we were successful. We found Stefan and we brought him home, safe and sound. But when it was my turn to be lost, you al left me on that moon alone.† â€Å"But Damon,† said Elena, reaching out to him, â€Å"we thought you were dead.† â€Å"And we did try to move heaven and earth to save you,† Bonnie said earnestly, her big brown eyes fil ing with tears. â€Å"You know that. Elena tried everything to bribe the Guardians to get you back. She almost went crazy with grief. They just kept saying that when a vampire died, he or she was gone for good.† â€Å"I know that now,† Damon said. â€Å"I'm not angry anymore. I haven't been angry about it for what seems like ages. That's not why I'm tel ing you this.† He glanced guiltily at Elena. â€Å"I need to apologize to al of you.† There was a tiny col ective gasp. Damon just didn't apologize. Ever. Elena frowned. â€Å"What for?† Damon shrugged, and the ghost of a smirk passed over his face. â€Å"What not for, my princess.† He sobered. â€Å"The truth is, I didn't deserve saving. I've done terrible things to you al as a vampire, and even when I became human again. I fought Meredith; I endangered Bonnie in the Dark Dimension. I endangered al of you.† He looked around the room. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he said to everyone, a note of sincerity and regret in his voice. Bonnie's lips trembled; then she threw her arms around Damon. â€Å"I forgive you!† Damon smiled and awkwardly patted her hair. He exchanged a solemn nod with Meredith that seemed to indicate that she also forgave him – this time. â€Å"Damon,† said Matt, shaking his head. â€Å"Are you sure you're not possessed? You seem a little†¦ off. You're never polite to any of us but Elena.† â€Å"Wel ,† said Damon, looking relieved at having gotten the confession off his chest, â€Å"don't get used to it. Matt.† Matt looked so startled and pleased that Damon had cal ed him the right name for a change, instead of â€Å"Mutt† or nothing at al , that Damon might as wel have given him a present. Elena saw Stefan give his brother a sly, affectionate nudge, and Damon elbowed him back. No, she wouldn't get used to it. Damon, temporarily drained of his jealousies and resentments, was as beautiful and intriguing as ever, but a heck of a lot easier to get along with. It wouldn't last, but she could enjoy it for now. She took a moment to real y look at them, the Salvatore brothers. The vampires she loved. Stefan with his soft dark curls and sea green eyes, his long limbs and the sensitive curve of his mouth that she always longed to kiss. Sweetness and solidity and a sorrow she'd had a hand in lightening. Damon, leather and silk and fine chiseled features. Mercurial and devastating. She loved them both. She couldn't be sorry, couldn't be anything other than sincerely, whol y grateful for the fat e that had thrown them in her path. But it wouldn't be easy. She couldn't imagine what would happen when this new comfort and friendliness between the brothers, between al of them, ended. She didn't doubt that it would dissolve. Irritations and jealousies were just a part of life, and they would build up again. She squeezed Stefan's hand in hers and smiled past him at Damon, whose dark eyes warmed. Inwardly, she sighed a little, then smiled more widely. Bonnie was right: Col ege was just around the corner, a whole new adventure. Until then, they should take their pleasures where they could find them. â€Å"Cotton candy?† she said. â€Å"I can't remember the last time I had cotton candy. I'm definitely up for Bonnie's idea of adventure.† Stefan brushed his lips against hers in a kiss that was as sweet and light as cotton candy itself, and she leaned into the comfort of his arms. It couldn't last. Elena knew it. But she was very happy. Stefan was himself again, not angry or fearful or grieving, but himself, the one she loved. And Damon was alive, and safe, and with them. Al her friends were around her. She was truly home at last.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 803 Words

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Adam s lack of social adeptness is typical in adolescents with ADHD. These students often do not have appropriate reciprocal social responses. Instead, the inability of students with ADHD to regulate their behavior and emotions leads to interactions in which they bother or pester others and they are often socially ostracized (Hallahan, Kauffman, Pullen). Students with ADHD are easily distracted, impulsive, and have the desire to be in constant motion. These traits are not always compatible with the expectations of a classroom, and oftenShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. 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Spectacular Life Of Benjamin Franklin - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2679 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Benjamin Franklin Essay Did you like this example? Ever since Benjamin Franklin was young he had worked hard for what he wanted to achieve. He knew he could achieve it as well, and believed in himself. From a young age he knew he was very successful at writing more than other subjects like arithmetic which he had failed in. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Spectacular Life Of Benjamin Franklin" essay for you Create order I personally was the opposite, better at arithmetic and worse in writing. As he worked in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, we see how hard he works to get far in life and to stick to what he wants. But at one time in his life he was unsure of what he wanted, but he was young. But as his father made him work with his brother in his printing-house he became familiar with it and stuck to it. The printing-house is actually where he found his love of writing when his brother started a newspaper. He took over it eventually when his brother was put in jail. After his brother got out him and his brother got into another argument, which lead to Benjamin quitting. Which may seem like he is no longer dedicated but soon after he looked for another printing house to work at instead of his brothers. After having no luck at finding a job he moves to New York City to find a job and secretly moves out. No matter what obstacles come his way, he overcomes them and works tirelessly than others. Even though he does not find a job in New York he does hear of an opportunity to get a job working for a paper in Philadelphia. As I was reading his this part of the book, I actually thought about his dedication to the work that he had been doing since he was twelve. He stays true to himself and does not change for any circumstance. On Benjaminrs way to Philadelphia he had saved a dutchmans life. He stayed positive throughout his trip, despite being dropped off near Burlington. After reaching Philadelphia he discovers that Bradford cant give him a job, he still keeps his head up and finds a job working for a man named Keimer. Still working at the printing-house he moves in with man whose daughter he will eventually marry, even though he never writes her when he leaves America. After some time in Philadelphia he gets a letter from his brother in law asking him to return to Boston, but Benjamin said that he would not be returning any time soon. This is showing how he is dedicated now more than ever to his work. His letter is eventually shown to the governor of Pennsylvania, William Keith. He loves how Benjamin writes and wants to help him set up a new printing-house, he will receive help from the government to build it, but he also has to ask his father for money, which means returning to Boston. Even though he did not want to interrupt his work to return to Boston he had to now. Eventually his father denies helping him because of his age. He does promise him that he will help when Benjamin turns twenty-one. Before heading back to Philadelphia, he stops in Rhode Island to visit his brother, during the trip there he almost gets involved with two women who are actually thieves. He is beginning to not be that dedicated to his work. He is starting to fall for easy tricks. Benjamin finds Collins, finds out that he has been drinking, which he cannot get a job because of, and he loans Collins some money, but never sees him again. As he falls for one of the two tricks, he isnt thinking clearly, in the first situation if the woman nearby hadnt told him that they were no good and not to be trusted, he too would have endured the same fate as the two women did. But with loaning his brother the money, there had been nobody around to tell him otherwise. When he returns to Philadelphia Keith, now knowing that Benjaminrs father will not help financially, will pay for it. Even though Benjamin decides to leave America to see and meet people in stationery industries. Still before he leaves he makes friends with three men; Charles Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, who all love to read. And together they all share their poetry together. Before he leaves Keith promises to write him a letter so that he can work at the printer shops, but as Benjamin arrives, he realizes that Keith had not fulfilled his promise, and that he tends to do that a lot. Despite that he finds a job at a famous printing shop and works there for the next year. As he is living in London, he fulfills what he had promised, he stays true to himself and who he is. Throughout his childhood, and early adulthood he had been dedicated to the printing shops and writing, especially when he worked under his brother and shared poetry with those three men from America. While printing things in the printing shop, he comes across a pamphlet called A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain which says how the author, a famous surgeon in London wants to meet him and introduce him to others. Earlier in the book, Benjamin almost falls for two women, who turn out to be not who they seem, and after Ralph moves to the countryside with his girlfriend, she worries about him. Then she goes to him to ask for advice, but Benjamin thinks hers flirting with her and tries to follow through with what he think shes trying to do, but immediately she stopped him and told Ralph which ended their friendship. After about a year he moved back to Philadelphia again. When he returns, Keith has lost his job and offers Benjamin a position as manager, but he declines to work for Denham, he works there until Denham dies, then takes the manager position. After this he becomes entirely focused on work only during his time as a manager, but then quits when Keimer wants to cut his salary. This seems like he isnt following his promise anymore only because of him quitting but after this he decided to take over the printing-house and begin a newspaper. But then he moves to New Jersey for a partnership with Keimer. He once again redeems himself when he moves back to Philadelphia to actually work on the printing-house. This is when he adopts the ideals of truth, sincerity, and integrity. Part Two In Benjaminrs life he has made many faults and successes, but not everyone can live without committing any faults. Especially Benjamin. Part two begins between the letters of Benjamin questioning if he should continue his book and his friend telling him it would be a mistake if he did not. He continued the book, looking forward to publishing it to show that Americans are full of virtue and dedication. . But he stopped writing for years mainly because of the French Revolution. His library was a great success as well The library helped others get into reading more and made reading more popular. He also says how he did not help with the library as much fearing judgement from others, because of his constant success. I think that wasnt the best idea, he could have gone further with his career if he had openly helped the library and maybe even brought more attention and work to the library. When the library was just beginning he was starting a family with a woman from Philadelphia. He saved lots of money to be able to provide for his family right. He now wants to make himself the best version of himself and is obsessed with perfection. Earlier in the book he says both that vanity is bad yet everyone has it, and multiple times he mentions how others vanity is terrible and still he acknowledges his own vanity and how it was controlled until now. But he does want to develop new virtues, thirteen to be exact. He is also keeping track of every fault and success. He finds many of his faults, and tries to correct them. He actually cannot get all of the virtues except for order but is fine with his failure of not getting that one down. He is fine with having faults and decides that a man should live with faults. Not everyone, including Benjamin can live without faults or mistakes. No one can be perfect and everyone must live with at least one fault. A persons success and how well they are remembered for does not mean that they havent made a mistake or any faults in their lives. After a while Benjamins friends start to call him arrogant. He could not get rid of his vanity and arrogance no matter how hard he tries. Since the book started he has made many faults, had vanity, and admitted to his faults. It isnt really possible to live without committing any faults seeing how Benjamin tried not to and yet he had realized how many faults he had actually made by recording them down. It seems when he tries to actually not commit faults he commits more than intended.When he had done this his friends found him to be more arrogant than usual. After he tries to learn and accomplish the thirteen virtues he becomes sort of obsessed with doing this and the same for whatever he is doing at the time. He couldnt do one of them, the last one which is when his friends call him arrogant. If Benjamin Franklin wants to live without committing any faults it might be possible if he accomplished the last one, order. Part Three During Benjamin Franklinrs life he came to terms with a promise of, truth, sincerity, and integrity. Throughout his life he follows his values of hard work,dedication, and ingenuity. While he is back in America he decides to create a new political party which he thinks that everyone will love. The beliefs of the party are war and revolutions. Which not everyone likes and want to follow. This party is only open to the wise people, not everyone can join. He takes principles from every major religion around at the time. Also everyone who joins will have to (like Benjamin did in part two) practice and accomplish the thirteen virtues. Over time the party and ideas had been abandoned. His dedication is not that strong to this as he is with other things in his life. Soon he starts Poor Richards Almanac which leads him to make another version for his newspaper in Pennsylvania. He tries to keep abuse and arguments out of the public newspaper. As he grows older he starts to put his thoughts into political issues. He fights for womens education. He also goes on to learn four languages. He gives support to a church but takes it back when he finds out the preacher is lying and copying others. After his son dies at a young age, he finally makes amends with his brother James after years. His brother also helps him in the printing-house.After this he becomes one of the top people in the mail business. As time goes on Benjamin becomes more successful he goes on to invent the stove and does not put a patent on it for a while to let it get more popular. He also makes plans for a hospital with his friend, Thomas. During this time he publishes a book called Plain Truth which says how we need a military defense for the colonies. He wants to do so by raising money from the people around, so he organizes a meeting and discusses Plain Truth. After this he creates a bill which will, if approved, provide light and pave the city. He creates a light source for the streets and is soon awarded honoraries from two very popular colleges. When war breaks out in the colonies and Europe, Benjamin comes up with a plan that he thinks will work to defend the colonies from the war and starts to plan out a government for the colonies. With this plan the English government is beginning to worry about the colonies and that they might lose them. After some time the American colonies begin to question why they are still with England. After Benjaminrs military career fails, he takes some time to work on his scientific career. He begins to create and go through some scientific experiments. During this time he comes up with a hypothesis that lighting and electricity can be the same thing. He soon publishes his paper and then finally does the kite experiment. After this he receives a very popular and rare award. Soon because of his scientific achievements he is asked to join an Assembly. Due to his hard work and dedication Benjamin is getting far in life and it has caused him to become very successful. Which over time he has worked very carefully and hard to get to where he is now and will work even harder as he goes along in his life. Part Four Part Four opens with Benjamin Franklin asking about making Americars own laws, to which he very aggressively denied. Apparently each law goes through excessive stages to decide if it actually will reach the king to get approved. He tries to approve to them that America should be able to make their own laws, and not the king. He thinks he will not be able to change the kings mind as well. Twenty years earlier a similar bill that had been passed this time, went through and almost gave the colonies laws, but during this time almost the same bill had been passed. When they all meet to discuss this, they all cannot agree on one point. Eventually they stop working with Benjamin after and say he is very rude. Which lead to him thinking that he has written too formally.They all begin to tax the colonies heavily, which is what Benjamin Franklin and many others did not want. Some people didnt like this so they tried to persuade the king to keep the act along with its taxes. Both parties argue keeping it and getting rid of it. Benjamins side wants to keep it while the opposing side wants to get rid of it. Eventually this law gets passed and everyone is taxed fairly. After this his he stops writing his autobiography. During the time that Benjamin had been writing his autobiography he had mostly been dedicated to his work. At some points of his life, when he was mostly younger, Benjamin had stopped being dedicated and done some things without thought or reason. But throughout this chapter of the book he had been dedicated to the cause and things he wanted to make a reality. In this part he did not stop when people said he was too rude, he thought that he was just working too hard and writing in a very formal tone. His hard work to get the act and bill approved by the king had succeeded and his hard work had turned into success and it had all become a reality. Benjamin is trying to prove that with all the hard work you do the further you will get in your career and life which leading to more success. He fully embodies this promise to America and shows them how your work affects how everything turns out. Some things came to him easily and were given to him like how the printing-house began and how he had been given the newspaper to write for when his brother was imprisoned. In my opinion Benjamin Franklin has lived up to his potential and worked harder than everyone to get where he was and to earn all his success, and the whole time he had stayed true to himself. From a young age when he wanted something he worked hard to achieve it and never doubted himself.

White Flight Atlanta And The Making Of Modern Conservatism

The book â€Å"White Flight: Atlanta and the making of modern conservatism† by Kevin M. Kruse does not simply describes the migration of white population of European origin from racially diverse regions, it explains the reasons for the white flight, where Atlanta got an important role. Despite, its being one of the most important and of the largest scale migration in the middle of the 20th century, Kevin M. Kruse is the first who described the phenomenon in depth enough. Questioning the traditional point of view that white flight was not more than a simple migration of white population to the suburbia, this author argues that it meant a more important metamorphosis in the political beliefs of those involved. In a challenging review of American history in the postwar period, Kevin M. Kruse shows that conventional components of present-day conservatism, such as antipathy to the federal government and trust in free enterprise, were subjected to substantial changes in the time of the postwar fight against discrimination. â€Å"†¦ white southern conservatives were forced to abandon their traditional, populist, , and often starkly racist demagoguery and instead craft a new conservatism predicated on a language of rights, freedoms, and individualism. This modern conservatism proved to be both subtler and stronger than the politics that preceded it and helped southern conservatives dominate the Republic Party and, through it, national politics as well.† (Kruse, 2005, p. 6). Similarly, theShow MoreRelatedPropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagescitizen may vote for whom he pleases. 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A Liberal Education Is the Best Path to a Democratic Nation Free Essays

A liberal education is the best path to a democratic nation Introduction: Education has always been one of the building blocks of a nation. Indeed, the educational system in the Philippines has come a long way as different colonial periods slowly shaped its current form. Perhaps one of the greatest educational influences introduced to the Philippine archipelago is the concept of liberal education which was brought about by the Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on A Liberal Education Is the Best Path to a Democratic Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aside from liberal education, democracy was also brought about by the Americans. These two concepts then shaped the course of Philippine history and is strongly felt up to this day. Why is it significant? Since a liberal education aims at strengthening the holistic development of the individual, it creates a pool of free thinkers, and catalysts for change. In a nation where freedom is more of a need than a want, liberal education serves as uniting force for absolute freedom. Why is it argumentative? The topic is argumentative because there are other factors in shaping a country’s democracy. To say that liberal education is the BEST path to a democratic nation implies that all other factors that shape a democratic nation are non-bearing. Definition of Terms: Education- (also called learning, teaching or schooling) in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Liberalism- (from the Latin liberalis, â€Å"of freedom†) is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberal Education- described as â€Å"a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a stronger sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement †¦ characterized by challenging encounters with important issues, and more a way of studying than a specific course or field of study† (Association of American Colleges and Universities) Democracy- is a form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. Hypothesis: 1. Can liberal education be considered as a social equalizer? 2. Will liberal education sustain development and long-term economic progress? 3. How would liberal thinkers contribute to the betterment of our nation? Sub-thesis: 1. Liberal education is the greatest social equalizer. 1. 1Education as the balance wheel of the social machinery. History shows us that with strong mentors and a solid education, even someone without a privileged background can transform their destiny. Beyond the positive global ripple effect that education offers, there are also many personal gains to be made. And that’s where liberalism in education comes in; it serves as a guide in order for individuals to make the right choices not only in consideration to their personal gains but also for the betterment of the whole society. 1. 2Effect on Cohesion of Societies By exposing students to a wide range of differing views and encouraging them to make connections across different disciplines and cultures, we would hope that liberal education promotes tolerance and understanding of others. Liberal education can also foster a sense of community and of working together to achieve goals. And by broadening and deepening knowledge of history, the arts, and the sciences, it nurtures both pride in one’s own culture and respect for others. 1. 3 Increased Social Participation Strong leaders help move countries forward, but an informed and engaged citizenry can often serve as a necessary and constructive counterbalance to the power of leaders. By spreading knowledge and increasing debate, broadening liberal education away from elite groups will tend to lead to a more involved citizenry. 2. A liberal education is capable of sustaining development and long-term economic progress. 2. 1On Economy We think that business leaders are more likely to innovate when they have been stimulated by the broad range of studies that typically comprise liberal education. For developing economies, such innovation can mean moving into new, more productive fields, and adapting technologies developed elsewhere to create new jobs, and reduce poverty at home. Liberal education, which encourages people to question and challenge conventional thinking and practices, can be an important catalyst for increasing an economy’s fluidity. . Liberal thinkers will profusely contribute to the betterment of our nation. 3. 1On Policy-Making There is no standard recipe for reaching development goals, but much of the evidence we have suggests that good governance, good macroeconomic management, attention to education and health, and integration into the world economy are useful ingredients. All of these instruments of development (some of which–like health and education–are goals in themselves) require generalist as well as specialist knowledge and skills. . 2On Reducing Brain Drain Students who have an opportunity to receive a well-designed, broad-based education in their own countries are more likely to pursue their studies at home and avoid the cost of going abroad. A related benefit derived from the fact that a liberal education promotes a culture of lifelong learning, which abets the development of a vibrant intellectual culture and encourages professionals trained in other countries to work in their own country, for that country’s benefit. Conclusion: By teaching students how to think rather than what to think, and how to learn rather than what to learn, a liberal education produces graduates who are better able to adapt and respond to the demands of a fast-changing economic and social environment. In consideration to all statements and proofs above, we believe that it is necessary to acknowledge the role United State’s played in the realization of the benefits of a liberal education in the progression and growth of a democratic country. By establishing the University of the Philippines through Act No. 870 of the First Philippine Legislation, the United States imparted to us this important segment of higher education that from then up to now is continuously producing liberal idealists that helps in progressing not only our economy but also our national identity. Sources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberal_education http://www. aacu. org/leap/what_is_liberal_education. cfm http://www. aacu. org/liberaleducation/le-wi03/l e-wi03feature2. cfm http://judymontero9. com/2009/03/12/judy-to-dreamers-education-is-the-great-equalizer/ How to cite A Liberal Education Is the Best Path to a Democratic Nation, Papers

Occupational Hazard of Asbestosis Occurring in the Cement Industry

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Hazard of Asbestosis Occurring in the Cement Industry. Answer: Introduction: The importance of workplace health and safety in an organization cannot be overstated. It should be noted that it is the health and well-being of the employees that determine the productivity and efficiency of the employees at workplace. However, though the occupational hazard is a major problem in any organization or industry as a matter of fact, the cement industry is an industry where the employee needs additional protection from any form of hazard. Due to continual exposure to chemicals, the employees suffer from a variety of problems including eye, skin irritation as well as chemical burns and accidents. However, the major issue that the report intends to explore is that the employees of the cement industries get mostly exposed to a variety of harmful chemicals that can prove to be fatal to them. The occupational health hazards can affect the well-being of the employees if the organization does not follow specific safety procedures. The safety procedures do not merely imply that each employees health needs to be ensured. It rather refers to the importance of assessing the potential workplace risks of the cement industry, and communicating its danger to the respective organization operating in this industry (Schilling, 2013). Discussion: Occupational Hazard of Asbestosis Occurring in the Cement Industry: A variety of chemicals such as asbestos, silica as well as lead to prominent health hazards among the employees of the cement industry. Among all the chemicals used in a cement industry, asbestos is one of the most harmful chemicals that are being used. It primarily enters into the body through inhalation, and this construction dust can lead to the major respiratory distress also called asbestosis. This disease has been found to cause even death among the employees, apart from hampering the normal functionality of the employees. Hence, it has become imperative to safeguard the employees from the problems of asbestosis. The reason why the employees are exposed to this disease is that the employees working in the cement industry are required to work with raw asbestos fibers. Usually, the employees are not being provided with sufficient respiratory equipment that can provide effective protection to the workers from the airborne asbestos (Dolzan et al., 2017). The asbestos is an important material used in the cement industry as it helps in strengthening the cements, and yet the harmful chemical proves to be highly detrimental to the health of the employees. Since the cement industries heavily rely on the use of asbestos, the tiny asbestos fibers are often released into the air, which when inhaled causes scarring inflammation in the lungs of the workers. Recent Problems emerging due to Asbestosis among the Workers of the Cement Industry: Asbestos exposure both in the long term as well as short term occupational setting has been associated with the risk of developing serious respiratory troubles and other ailments including lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis and other disorders. Over the last years, research studies have claimed that apart from the obvious possibility of developing oral cancer, the health issue is also linked to Pharyngeal cancer as well. A recent research study has shown that approximately 84% of the cement industry workers have got affected as a result of their exposure to the asbestos (Meo et al., 2014). While some employees, especially the new ones, had minor health problems, such as slight irritation in the lungs, the older employees have reported to have been suffering from grave diseases including Sarcomatoid and adenosquamous type of lung cancers in addition to epitheliod, sarcomatoid and peritoneal mesotheliomas as well as ovarian and laryngeal cancers incidences (Nielsen et al., 2014). Common Health Hazards due to Exposure to Asbestos: It has become imperative to comprehend as well as manage the chemical hazards encountered by the employees at the workplaces. Whenever Asbestos is being used in factories the exposure to it through inhalation or skin contact, can cause a variety of diseases. Oral cancer, ovarian cancer, autoimmune disorder as well as pulmonary complications such as fibrosis have been found to occur because of the asbestos exposure. This is the reason why many organizations operating in the cement industry have introduced a system of reviewing and determining the limit of asbestos exposure (Chartier, 2014). It would be important to note that continual exposure to asbestos has led to the disease of Mesothelioma that is a fatal form of Cancer. In case an employee is exposed to the chemical for 20 years, the disease will rapidly spread though his body. In face over the past years, the number of people suffering from Mesothelioma has also rapidly increased as shown below: Figure 1: Increase in the Rate of Mesothelioma due to Continual Exposure to Asbestos Source: (Soeberg et al., 2016) Legal Framework of the Work Health and Safety legislation, 2011 to Prevent Employee Exposure to Asbestos: The Work Health and Safety Legislation, 2011 has clearly mentioned that any organization operating in the cement industry will need to conduct a periodical risk assessment to ensure that the employees are not getting exposed to asbestos exceeding the prescribed limit. The employees whose work involves the use or exposure to asbestosis have their work categorized as high risk jobs, as per Schedule 3 , and these employees are being advised to work under supervision of a senior employee (Jaiswal, 2014). Further, it has been clearly stated that these organizations must maintain a specific asbestos register, clearly categorizing the employees exposed to asbestos, the range of exposure and the preventive measures for the same. Besides, under clause 422, it is being clearly mentioned that if asbestos is being identified in an organization that organization will need to have an asbestos management plan. An improvement in the health condition of the employees has indeed proved to be highly beneficial for the employees. According to a research survey, the cement industries which have introduced the workplace health policies effectively at workplace have benefitted with a fall in employee absenteeism by 30% and a reduction in the health care cost by 21.8% (Hammer et al., 2015). Elimination or Minimization of the Health Hazard and its Effectiveness: Many organizations conduct the health risk appraisal surveys at workplace, whereby the employees are being asked to rate the extent to which they believe that their workplace environment is safe for their health. In addition to this, the hazards and the number of accidents happening within the organization due to the exposure to asbestos needs to be recorded and reviewed through these surveys(Cooper Marshall, 2013). Some organizations have also introduced the incentivizing method whereby they provide incentives to the employees who have exhibited maximum awareness regarding the health hazards and have acted well to protect the other employees from the workplace risks an hazards. Occupational Health and Safety vulnerability has emerged to be an important concept. It has been noted that the employees, especially the young, new and immigrant ones have a higher vulnerability of getting affected by the asbestosis than the older employees. Hence, many organizations have adopted the system of categorizing the employees according to their job roles at workplace, and their OH S vulnerability rate. This helps the management authority understand which employees are most vulnerable to risks and health hazards; so that they can be trained and educated about the risks of health hazards caused by asbestosis (Adgate et al., 2014). The OHS vulnerability framework intends to ensure a safe working environment for the employees, by not only offering training to them, but also by making them aware of their own rights for health and safety as well. For example, if an employee feels that a work entitled to him involves sufficient risk or hazard due to greater exposure to asbestos is that exceeds the prescribed limit, he is entitled to the right of refusing to do such a work (Schulte et al., 2014). Many cement manufacturing organizations have adopted the certification system whereby an independent organization such as DNV or Lloyds supervise and monitor the workplace environment of an organization before certifying it as safe (Taris and Kompier, 2014). It has become highly important to develop the asbestos job exposure matrix (JEM) to ensure that the rate and frequency of asbestos exposure of the employees should be recorded by the employees. The chemicals including asbestosis, that are being used in the company having detrimental impact on the employee health are labeled through the use of cautionary words such as corrosive or hazardous . Besides, it is highly important that a Material Safety Data Sheet is being handed out to each employee so that each one of them is well-aware of the hazards to the exposure to each chemical. Conclusion: To conclude, it must be noted that It is the duty of the employers of a company to look after the well-being of the employees. Hence, the organization should not only implement strict health policies benefitting the employees, but it should also offer opportunities of occupational therapy and rehabilitation. Since it is the obligation of the employer to maintain a safe workplace, he must supervise the limit and range of exposure of the employees to asbestos and in case of more than one employer, the duty should be distributed among all and are therefore responsible for maintenance of their respective parts. References: Adgate, J. L., Goldstein, B. D., McKenzie, L. M. (2014). 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